Reported Speech

Reported Speech is about reporting what another person has

said. For example : 

Direct speech                                                   Reported speech

He says:"i like red color"                 He says that he likes red color.

-in reported speech, things change according to the situation so

following the rule will led to correct transformation.

Direct speech                                                        Reported speech

-Present simple                                        -Past simple

I am a student.                                         He said he was a student.

-Present continuous                                 -Past continuous

I am having dinner with my family.     He said he was having

                                                                       dinner with his family.

-Present perfect simple                        -Past perfect simple

I have been to America two times.      He said he had been to

                                                                     America two times.

-Present perfect continuous            -Past perfect continuous

I have been playing hard.                  He said he had been                                                                                                 playing  hard.

-Past simple                                          -Past perfect

I bought a new house.                          He said he had bought a

                                                                      new house.

-Past continuous                                -Past perfect continuous

It was raining yesterday.                      He said it had been 

                                                                     raining the previous day.

-Past perfect                                                  -Past perfect

The film had started when i arrived.       No change

-Past perfect continuous                  -Past perfect continuous

I had already been living i France for four years .            No      

                                                                                                   change

-Yes or No questions:

Direct speech :                                  

The teacher asked us :"do you like this lesson".

Reported speech:

The teacher asked us if we liked that lesson.

-"Wh" questions :

Direct speech:

Sali asked me :"where is your red dress".

Reported speech:

Sali asked me where my red dress was.

-Other verbs and time references also change as:

Will                                                               Would

I will come and meet you soon.          He said he would come and

                                                                         meet me soon.

Can                                                                 Could 

I can swim .                                                 He said he could swim.

Must                                                               Had to

All tickets must be bought in advance.              He said that all the

                                                  tickets Had to be bought in advance.

Shall                                                               Should

What shall we do about the film?        He asked what we

                                                                    should do about the film.  

May                                                             Might 

May i smoke?                                         He asked if he might smoke.  


Now                                      Then
Today                                   That day
Here                                      There
This                                       That
This week                             That week
Tomorrow               The following day , the next day, the day after. Yesterday                           The previous day , the day before.
Last week                            The previous week , the week before.
Two weeks ago                    Two weeks before.
Tonight                                  That night.

-Personal pronouns change:

Subject pronouns                         Object pronouns
I                                                         Me

You                                                   You

He                                                    Him

She                                                  Her

It                                                      It

We                                                 Us

They                                              Them

Possessive pronouns                       Reflexive pronouns

My                                                       Myself

Your                                                    Yourself/yourselves

His                                                      Himself

Her                                                     Herself

Its                                                       Itself

Our                                                    Ourselves

Their                                                  Themselves

                 

The Bonus Army

The Bonus Army is a name given to the huge march happened

in 1932 ,after the first world war in Washington DC by

previous soldiers asking for their payment for their services

during the first world war.

The congress voted for a bill in a form of bonus , to reward the 

soldiers. However the legislation declared that they will not get 

their money until 1945 this is because America was facing the 

great depression which destroyed its economy.so , these events 

led the soldiers to went in a march asking for their money since 

they became unemployed.

The soldiers set up their camps throughout Washington DC . In 

July ,28, president Hoover ordered the army to remove the 

camps of the demonstrators with the use of tanks and tear gas . 

The result of this march was that the demands were rejected 

and many demonstrators died and injured  as well as president 

Hoover received much criticism from the Americans as a result 

he did not win the election of 1932.

Prepositions Part Two

Other important prepositions are :

-Prepositions of Time :

-Since :used for a particular point of time which started from it .

For example: since 1960 , we did not travel to China.

-For : used to mean over that time . For example : for three years

, i am practicing football.

-Ago: used to mean earlier than that time . For example : nine

years ago, i used to travel a lot.

-Prepositions of place :

-By, Next to ,Beside: used to mean that something or someone is

right or left of something or someone. For example: John is next

to the car.

-Under : used to mean on the ground, lower than something. For

example: a ghost under the table.

-Above: used to mean on a high level . For example: a house

above the lake.

-Across: used to mean going to an other side. For example: i

walked across the long street.

-Into : used to mean getting in something . For example: can you

go into the house please?

-Prepositions also used to describe or show movement like:

against , along , down , from , toward , out of . For example : i am

getting out of the house . I am walking toward the hospital.

Prepositions Part One

Prepositions are words used with nouns  which shows the link

between the other words in a sentence. Prepositions indicate

the place (location), direction and time.

Prepositions of  Time : 

At: used for specific time . For example: i will meet you at 12:00

pm.

On: used with days and dates . For example : my birthday in on

Tuesday.

In:used with non specific time ,season , date. For example : i

started the job in 1980.

Prepositions of place : 

At: used with a particular address. For example: John live at 40

road near the theater.

On: used for showing names of streets. For example : my house

is on Washington street.

In: used with the names of countries, states, towns. For example

: i live in Canada.

Tenses

 Tenses

-Simple present : 

i play football on Tuesday. She plays football on Tuesday.

Negative form : i do not play football on Tuesday .

Question form : do you play football.

-Simple past :

she played football on Thursday.

Negative form : they did not play football on Monday.

Question form : did you play football on Saturday?

-Simple future: 

I will play football tomorrow

Negative form : i will not play football next Monday .

Question form : will you play football next week?

-Present continuous : 

She is working in a company.

Negative form : he is not working in a company.

Question form : is he working in a company ?

-Past continuous :

I was working in a company.

Negative form : he was not working in a company.

Question form : was he working in a company ?

-future continuous: 

I will be working in a company.

Negative form : i will not be working in a company.

Question form : will you be working in a company ?

-Present perfect : 

I have seen Smith three times .

Negative form :she has not seen Smith three times.

Question form : has she see Smith ?

-Past perfect : 

I had eaten before you came.

Negative form : she had not eaten before you came.

Question form: had you eaten before i came ?.

-Future perfect : 

They will have finished their homework at time.

Negative form : we will not have finished our homework at

time.

Question form : how long will you have finished your work ?

-present perfect continuous : 

She has been waiting for three hours.

Negative form :he has not been waiting for three hours.

Question form : how long have you been waiting for Joune?

-Past perfect continuous: 

She had been waiting for three hours.

Negative form : she had not been waiting for three hours.

Question form : how long had you been waiting?

-Future perfect continuous : 

They will have been waiting for three hours.

Negative form : they will not have been waiting for three hours.

Question form : how long will you have been waiting for Smith ?.

Silent Letters

Silent letters are letters you can not hear when you say the

word and this caused in difficulties in  pronunciation and

spelling . 

-The letter B is silent in the combination "mb" found at the end

of the word . For example : comb , lamb , limb ,bomb.

-The letter C is silent in "sc" found at the beginning of a word

before "i,e and y". For example : scythe, muscle, scientist.

-The letter D is silent in the following words: sandwich,

Wednesday.

-The letter G is silent in "gn" found at the end of a word . For

example : design , campaign, resign .

-The letter H is silent in the combination "rh" found at the

beginning of a word and also in the combination "wh". For

example :rhetoric, rhythm, when , while.

-The letter K is silent in the combination "kn" found at the

beginning of a word .For example : know , knowledge, knee.

-The letter L is often silent before "d, f ,m and k"found at the

beginning of a word . For example : could , behalf , walk,

salmon.

-The letter P is silent in "ps" and "pn" found at the beginning

of a word . For example : psychologist, pneumatic.

-The letter S is silent in these words : aisle, island,

bourgeois .

-The letter T is silent in words ending in "stle" and "sten". For

example : castle, often .

-The letter W is silent in the combination "who" and "wr" found

at the beginning of a word . For example : who , whose,

wrist,write.

-The GH is silent in these words : right, neighbour,high,

daughter.

-The letter U is silent in these words : guilty, guide, guitar . 

Punctuation

 

-Full Stop:[.]: 

We put it at the end of the sentence . For example :

i am sick .

-Question Mark[?] :

 Come after a direct question .for example :  

where do you live?

-Exclamation Mark[!] : 

Come at the end of the sentence to 

express surprise or chock .for example : i can not believe this !

-Comma[,] :

 used between items being on a list or to show a

pause in a long sentence or in adding extra information . For

Example: i need a paper, a black pen , a pencil and a book. They

did not want to go before I'd arrived , but i was tow hours late.

Jane , our cousin , is sick.

-Apostrophe['] : 

Used for missing letters or possessives .for example : 

don't , it's . George's car .

-Quotation Mark [""/<>/()/{}] : 

Also called inverted commas. To show that words are spoken or

to show that someone else originally wrote these words. For

example : she said : " let's go shopping". 

-Colon [:] : 

Used to introduce a list or a quotation in a sentence . 

For example : you will need these things : peas , butter, sugar , 

milk and eggs.

Plural

Simple rule for giving the plural :

-the general rule said that the singular word in turning it to the

plural you add (s). For example : a girl = girls ,

-Nouns which ends with : s , z , x , sh , ch add to it (es). For

example: A glass=glasses/a watch=watches.

-Nouns which ends with a consonant +y , change the (y) to (i) 

and add (es) . For example: a baby = babies.

-Nouns which ends in (f or fe ) change it to (v ) and add (es) . For 

example : a life =lives.

-The case of irregular plural . For example: a child=children 

A foot =feet

A man = men 

A mouse = mice

A tooth = teeth

A woman = women 

Capital Letters

Capital letters are used in the following cases :

-In the first letter of a sentence .for example: Today is a good

day.

-For countries : for example: America, Canada.

-Nationalities: Algerian , Australian.

-Languages: English , French , Italian .

-Religious: Islam .

-Names of people: Jane, George.

-Places: Istanbul.

-Organizations: The United Nations .

-Trademarks: Coca Cola .

-Months and days : January , Saturday .

-Titles: Mr.|Mrs.|Dr.|Professor.

-Titles of books , films : Pride and Prejudice.

Linking Words

Linking Words are terms used to link sentences with each

other. they are different and used for different purposes which

are :

-Adding information : 

In addition to , besides, apart from ,moreover, furthermore,too, 

also , as well as .

-Sequencing ideas : 

The following , lastly, the first point is , 

finally , first , second , the former , the latter .

-Giving result : 

So , therefore , consequently ,as a result .

-Giving reason : 

Since, as , because of , because , due to .

-Contrasting ideas: 

Unlike, while , whereas, nonetheless, nevertheless, however ,

but , although , even though , despite , despite the fact that .

-Summarising: 

In conclusion , to conclude, in short, in brief ,to 

summarise, in summary.

Post Modern Literature

Post modernism was first coined in 1940 to identify a reaction

against the modern architecture.it was considered as a new way

of viewing literature.

Post modern writers through their works asked for the

cooperation of the reader to create a meaning for the work, to

be active and give his or her own interpretation about the text

.which means that post modern works do not depict life but it is

about literature itself ,about art, a separation between

literature and life. Many techniques were used by post modern 

writers like : irony, playfulness, black humor, intertextuality ,

metafiction , historiographical metafiction ,magical realism ...

Contemporary Literature

Contemporary literature began in 1940 . Some scholars see it

as a continuation of post modern literature whereas others 

claimed that contemporary literature began from 1960 till

today. Contemporary literature reflects contemporary life

and culture which is changing and full of contradictions.

Contemporary literature writers used irony in their works

even in dealing with serious and sad events like the war ,they

talked about the war ,how it destroy everything in a humorous

way .an other thing is that in contemporary literature works 

there is a use of high ,complex language which ordinary people

can not understand as Jane Osten works as well as works with

low , simple language which anyone can understand.

Contemporary literature writers depict their uncertainty and 

questioned things of absolute truth even their own existence

.also ,through their works they focused on the creation of the 

character , a focus on the psychological dimension of the person.

Hispanic American Literature

Hispanic American Literature also called : Ibero Americans

and Latino Americans. It refers to Hispanic American people

of colonies who were colonized by Spain and Portugal. It

appeared in the second half of the twentieth century . so in this

kind of literature we have different groups which means

multiculturalism.

 Most of the Hispanic American writers talked in their works

about the Hispanic experience in America as well as their own

traditions and culture to show their diversity and confusion of

identity .most well known work of this period is the work of the

Dominican writer Julia Alvarez  of 1991 "how the garcia girls

lost their accent" which deals with immigration of a family

from the Dominican Republic to America with their suffer to

assimilate and displacement.

African American Literature

African American Literature refers to the literature of a

combination between two nations which is the literature of

Africa and America . It is about works written by blacks in

America which flourished during the eighteenth and nineteenth

century .most of this period writers wrote about social issues

mainly because they have suffered from as segregation . The

most famous writers of this literature are: Alice Walker

,Frederic Doglass , Toni Morison...

Since the writer is the voice of his society so the African

American writers depicted through their writings their own

tradition as the way literature was transmitted through oral

stories  and celebrating their tradition as well as the problems

the slaves faced.

Slaves life and memories received much attention from writers

as well as their hope for equality and better life along with the

Americans.African American literature is rich with oral 

poetry which is considered as a famous form of literature

during this period which helped for the transmission of this

kind of literature easily .slave narrative was also important

with the famous work of Frederic Doglas "narrative of the life

of frederic doglas" which is a narration about his life as a slave. 

Invisible Man by Ralph Elison

Invisible Man by Ralph Elison is an epic novel of 1952.it

addresses the issues and problems which the Afro American

faced as the case of the protagonist of the novel who is unnamed

 and invisible character and went through handicaps and

dilemma to reach recognition and visibility .the unnamed

character is the narrator of the story .

The invisible man suffered from the separation between blacks

and whites since he is black man, so he moved from south to

north looking for no separation , recognition and visibility.the

invisible man explains his invisibility which not because he has

biological or accidental problems but because people refuse to

see him ,because of the stereotypes of people.

There were many events which show that people do not

recognize him to the point that the invisible man recognized

that invisibility leads to irresponsibility as when he steel an

electric power from a neighbour who did not asked him to pay

for it because he do not consider him a human .people used to

talk with him only when they need something from him

however all the dramatic events which happened to the

invisible man led him to became responsible and finally reach

recognition which means his own identity.

The invisible man moved from self efficiency student to a naive

worker then a radical activist and finally in the underground

then he emerged from the underground. At the end ,the

invisible man accepted his complexity and diversity and

decided to move on from the underground.

Death and the King's Horseman by Wole Soyinka

Death and the king's horseman is a play by Wole Soyinka

based on real events happened in Nigeria during the British 

colonization .it was published in 1975 .the story focus on the 

protagonist Elesin who is the king's horseman , he is as a 

bodyguard .his job is to protect the king . Traditions in Yoruba 

obliges the king's horseman to commit suicide after the death 

of the king in order to help the king's spirit to reach heaven 

otherwise the king spirit will bring disorder and harm the 

people of Yoruba. 

The preparations in Yoruba started for the party of the 

horseman suicide With the coming of Elesin son :Olunde who 

come to celebrate with his country people this event , Olunde 

was studying in England medicine .the British chief Pilkings 

think that this tradition is so barbarian and he went to help 

Elesin  from committing suicide in the last minute. The truth is 

that even Elesin do not want to die because he is so involved in 

life . 

When Elesin did not commit suicide , his son Olunde saw that 

his father did not follow the tradition which is an obligation and 

an honor to his family . So Olunde though he is so educated and 

cultivated person but he saw that the tradition of his country 

must be obeyed, he committed suicide instead of his father to 

restore the honor of his family and bring order and peace to 

Yoruba consequently ,Elesin killed himself following his son 

 death.

Minor Literature

The concept Minor Literature originated in a book of  French

philosophers : Delouze and Gattari which is called : " Kafka:

toward a theory of minor literature" . The two writers wrote

about a writer named Kafka who was criticized for his writings

so Delouze and Gattari talked about Kafka strange style and

considered him as genius . Kafka style is strange because it is

linked to his minority because Kafka is a journalist who lived in

Germany , his origins is Czech and his religion is Jewish .simply

Minor literature is about the literature of minorities , the

writings of minority groups which defer from the others

literature.

Third World Literature

The term Third World Literature dates from 1950 . It was used 

for the first time in France in 1950.it refers to the independent 

and soon to be independent nations of Africa , Asia and Latin 

America which standed in the face of the colonizer showing 

their hate , antagonism and challenge towards the colonizer. it

is the literature which comes from Africa, Asia and Latin 

America nations .

Pronunciation of /s/, /z / and /iz/

-The rule of pronouncing the final /s/,/z/ and /iz/ is :

For /s/: words which ends with these letters : k, p , t, f , th and ph

are pronounced as /s/. For example: audits, groups, works ,

myths ...

For /z/ : words which ends with these letters : r, m ,n , b , d , g , l

, V and y are pronounced as /z/. For example: employees,

supporters, problems, relations , words , deals ...

For /iz/: words which ends with these letters : c, s , x , z, ss, ch ,sh

and ge are pronounced as /iz/. For example: changes,

businesses, boxes , watches ...

Pronunciation of | t | , | d | and |id |

The rule of pronouncing / t / , / d / and / id /  is :

For /t/ : words which ends with these letters : k, ss ,sh ,ch ,p ,f , c

and  x  are pronounced as /t /.

Example :

Developed ,danced , worked , watched , finished ....

For / d / : words which ends with these letters : v , n , r , y , s , b ,

g , l , m ,z , w and j are pronounced as / d/ .

Example :

Believed , turned , enjoyed , considered , called , closed ...

For / id / : words which ends with these letters : t and d are

pronounced / id / .

Example:

Permitted ,attended...

Comparative and Superlative

 -Comparative:

1/Comparative of equality:

As + adjective + as

As + adjective + as

Example:

George as tall as Smith 

2/Comparative of superiority:

Short adjectives:

*Adjective +er + than

Example:

January is colder than April 

*Adjective + ier + than 

Example:

Marseil is prettier than Paris 

*Doubling the consonant + er + than 

Example:

The elephant is bigger than the tiger 

*Irregular adjectives as : good became better , bad became

worse 

Example :

Science is better than physics 

Long adjectives :

*more + adjective + than

Example:

China is more crowded than japan 

3/Comparative of inferiority:

* less + adjective + than

Example:

This car is less expensive .

-Superlative:

1/ superlative of superiority:

Short adjectives:

* the + adjective +est + noun 

Example:

James is the smallest boy in the schools .

Long adjectives:

* the + most + adjective +noun

Example:

Zidan is the most famous football player

*Good became best, bad :worst , far: the farther 

2/Superlative of inferiority:

*the least + adjective

Example:

This dress is the least expensive

Adverbs:                     comparative :                            superlative:

well                             better                                           best

Bad                             worse                                          the best

Much (many)            more than                                  the most

Far                             farther                                       farther

Few                         fewer than                                   fewest

Little                        less                                              least 

Algerian Literature part two

Algerian literature during the french colonization was

divided between writers who were educated in french schools

and thanking France for colonizing them and those who were

educated in french schools but called for the independence of

Algeria.

Algerian writers who learned in french schools ,in their

writings called for integrating Algeria to France as well as

thanking France for colonizing them because they think that

France bring civilization , development and light to the 

Algerians . Works during this period are : Hadj Hamou "zohra 

women miner" of 1925 . Ibrahim Suleiman "the dancer of 

nael boys " of 1926 as well as Ould Cheick work "Myriam in 

the palm" which deals with a marriage between an Algerian

women and a french man who latter on differ in how to educate

two children : Mary and Jean .However what the Algerian 

writers noticed is that they were not accepted by the french

people as being like them but they still considering the Algerians

as inferior even if they wrotein french language.

- the appearance of movements in many countries calling for

independence influenced the Algerians and resulted in the

events of 8 /05/1945 which influenced the Algerian writers who

graduated from french schools as Mohamed Dib , Katib Yacine

and Mouloud Pharaoh . These writers tried to express the

national cause using the colonizer language .literature of this

period is characterized by writings about the Algerian aim of

independence. Critics did not pay attention to the Algerian

literature however  they considered the work of Katib Yacine

"Nejma " of 1956 as the best work written in the French

Language from a non European person . After the independence

the Algerian writers started to write about the situation of

Algeria after the independence and the Algerians hope for

better future .

Algerian Literature part one

The French occupation of Algeria which started from 1830 till 

1962 Was characterized by the french aim to destroy the

Algerian identity using different ways. One of their methods is

replacing the Arabic language with the french language . This

resulted at the beginning with schools attended only by french

people and rich Algerians however later on the most of the

Algerian families send their children . By this the french

language begun to be used even by  the Algerian writers who

used it as a weapon to send messages through their writings to

the french colonizer . This issue of writing using the colonizer

language was used also by many writers all over the world like:

Edward Said and Jubran Khalil Jubran .

-In Algeria , works written in French were considered a high 

symbol of national struggle of the Algerians against the 

french occupation. This act confirms the Algerian writers 

patriotism  and denies their belonging to France . Those writers

had no choice but to use the colonizer language in asking for

their rights because this was the only way to be heard by the 

french people and the world. This literature being written in 

the french language which is the colonizer language get much 

attention and became subjected to criticism from scholars .some 

see the Algerian literature written in french during the  

occupation as part of the french literature and others consider

it as an Algerian literature because those writers were calling

for the independence of Algeria through their works . by this 

the Algerian literature during the occupation was rich with 

different writers and methods. All this will be discussed in the 

coming lesson.

Condition/Hypothesis

In conditional , we have two clauses : if clause and result clause

-Condition Type 0:

 if + Simple present     =   simple present

               Condition clause = result clause 

Used for scientific truth .

Example:

If she boils water , it evaporates

If you put water on fire, it boils.

-Condition Type 1 :  

If+ simple present       =   modals+ stem 

Used for prediction in the future

Example:

If she works hard , she may /can succeed

-Condition Type 2 :  

If + simple past         =       would + stem 

Used for imagination in the future 

Example:

if i were you , i would study English

If i were rich , i would buy a big house and a car.

-Condition Type 3 :    

If + past perfect     =           would have+ past participle 

Used for imagination in the past 

Example:

If she had got the BAC with excellency , she would have 

studied in Cambridge university .

-We also use : providing that , provided that , as long as , so 

long as to express condition with only type 1.

The Passive Voice

-Active voice:                                                          -Passive voice:

1/Simple present             to be (am , is , are )+ past participle

Example:

he explains the lesson                           The lesson is explained

2/Simple past                      to be (was, were)+ past participle

Example:

she wrote the homework                     the homework was written

3/Present perfect:

(Have , has+past participle)         have , has+been+past participle

Example:

I have copied the activity                     the activity has been copied

4/Past perfect :

Had +past participle                             had + been + past participle

Example:

they had imitated all products        all products had been

                                                                 imitated

5/Present continuous :

is/am/are +verb+ing                      is/am/are+being+past participle

Example :

the women is cleaning the room       the room is being cleaned

                                                                      by the women

6/Past continuous:

Was/were+verb+ing                      was/were+being+past participle

Example:

She was cleaning the room         the room was being cleaned

7/Modals:

must/can/may/will+infinitive          must/can/may/will+be+past

participle

Example:

Pupils must revise English                 English must be revised

-Other example : 

A- Someone Broke into our house last night.

  B- Our house was broken by someone last night.

A- Millions of people have read Chinua Achebe's book things

fall apart.

  B- Chinua Achebe's  book things fall apart has been read by

millions of people.

A- Nobody noticed this new car.

  B- this new car was not noticed .

Expressing Result

We use these link words to express result (effect ): so , thus , 

therefore, as a result , as a consequence , consequently.

You may also use these expressions: 

So + adjectif + that + result clause

So + noun phrase ( adjectif + noun )+ that + Rest of the clause 

Example:

a- the perfume is expensive

b-i wont take it

- The perfume is so expensive that i wont take it 

a- this mobile is of bad quality

b-it will not lost for long 

- this mobile is such of bad quality that it will not lost for long

Expressing Condition

To express condition we use: providing that , provided that ,

as long as .

Example:

- i will come back tomorrow if you really bring books with you.

-i will come back tomorrow provided that you really bring

books with you.

-We will watch the movie only if you invite us.

-We will watch the movie providing that you invite us .

-Unless you understand your mistakes, you will not be able to

avoid them.

-You will not be able to avoid your mistakes as long as you do

not understand them .

Expressing Wish

To express wish we use the expression i wish.

1/Present wish:

This wish is made in the present .

I wish + subject + verb in the present

- now , i am watching a nice film ,i want to be with my best

friend .

I wish i am with my best friend.

2/Past wish:

we regret something which had already happened.

I wish +subject+simple past

I wish i had not wasted money in gambling

3/Future wish:

We want to change the current situation because we are not

satisfied with it .

I wish + subject + would+verb

My mother drives too quick i wish she could drive slowly

Expressing Time

To express time we use: when , after , before , until, as soon 

as.

There are two actions in the past : the first action takes the past 

perfect (had + past participle ) and the second action takes the

simple past.

Example:

a- I go to may friends birthday.

b- I buy the present .

- i had bought the present before i went to my friend's birthday.

a- The judge announce the decision .

b- He hears all the witnesses.

- the judge did not announce the decision until he had heard all

the witnesses.

Expressing Concession

To express concession  means to express opposition ,we

use:although,though , even though , in spite of , despite of , in

spite the fact that , despite the fact that.

-Though /Although /In spite the fact that /despite the fact

that+clause

- In spite of /Despite of +noun or gerund( the verb in the

infinitive + ing  )

Example:

a- Dina was an excellent pupil in math.

b- She got a bad mark.

-Although Dina was an excellent pupil in math , she got a bad

mark .

- In spite of being an excelent pupil in math, Dina got a bad

mark.

a- He had all the qualifications.

b- He did not get the job.

- Despite of having all the qualifications, he did not get the job.

a- This man has too much money.

b- He leads a miserable life.

- Despite the fact that this man has too much money, he leads a

miserable life.